Products related to Theory:
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Stochastic Control Theory : Dynamic Programming Principle
This book offers a systematic introduction to the optimal stochastic control theory via the dynamic programming principle, which is a powerful tool to analyze control problems. First we consider completely observable control problems with finite horizons.Using a time discretization we construct a nonlinear semigroup related to the dynamic programming principle (DPP), whose generator provides the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation, and we characterize the value function via the nonlinear semigroup, besides the viscosity solution theory.When we control not only the dynamics of a system but also the terminal time of its evolution, control-stopping problems arise.This problem is treated in the same frameworks, via the nonlinear semigroup.Its results are applicable to the American option price problem. Zero-sum two-player time-homogeneous stochastic differential games and viscosity solutions of the Isaacs equations arising from such games are studied via a nonlinear semigroup related to DPP (the min-max principle, to be precise).Using semi-discretization arguments, we construct the nonlinear semigroups whose generators provide lower and upper Isaacs equations. Concerning partially observable control problems, we refer to stochastic parabolic equations driven by colored Wiener noises, in particular, the Zakai equation.The existence and uniqueness of solutions and regularities as well as Itô's formula are stated.A control problem for the Zakai equations has a nonlinear semigroup whose generator provides the HJB equation on a Banach space.The value function turns out to be a unique viscosity solution for the HJB equation under mild conditions. This edition provides a more generalized treatment of the topic than does the earlier book Lectures on Stochastic Control Theory (ISI Lecture Notes 9), where time-homogeneous cases are dealt with.Here, for finite time-horizon control problems, DPP was formulated as aone-parameter nonlinear semigroup, whose generator provides the HJB equation, by using a time-discretization method.The semigroup corresponds to the value function and is characterized as the envelope of Markovian transition semigroups of responses for constant control processes.Besides finite time-horizon controls, the book discusses control-stopping problems in the same frameworks.
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Theory After 'Theory'
This volume argues that theory, far from being dead, has undergone major shifts in order to come to terms with the most urgent cultural and political questions of today.Offering an overview of theory’s new directions, this groundbreaking collection includes essays on affect, biopolitics, biophilosophy, the aesthetic, and neoliberalism, as well as examinations of established areas such as subaltern studies, the postcolonial, and ethics. Influential figures such as Agamben, Badiou, Arendt, Deleuze, Derrida and Meillassoux are examined in a range of contexts.Gathering together some of the top thinkers in the field, this volume not only speculates on the fate of theory but shows its current diversity, encouraging conversation between divergent strands.Each section places the essays in their contexts and stages a comparison between different but ultimately related ways in which key thinkers are moving beyond poststructuralism. Contributors: Amanda Anderson, Ray Brassier, Adriana Cavarero, Eva Cherniavsky, Rey Chow, Claire Colebrook, Laurent Dubreuil, Roberto Esposito, Simon Gikandi, Martin Hagglünd, Peter Hallward, Brian Massumi, Peter Osborne, Elizabeth Povinelli, William Rasch, Henry Staten, Bernard Stiegler, Eugene Thacker, Cary Wolfe, Linda Zerilli.
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Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy : Theory and Technique
Traditionally, psychoanalytic treatment has been a lengthy endeavour, requiring a long-term commitment from patient and analyst, as well as vast financial resources.More recently, short-term approaches to psychoanalytic treatment have proliferated.One of the most well-known and thoroughly studied is the groundbreaking method of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy, developed by Dr. Habib Davanloo. Having trained directly with Dr. Davenloo, the author has written a clear, concise outline of the method that has come to be regarded as a classic in the field.The book is organised in a systematic fashion, analogous to the process of therapy itself, from initial contact through to termination and follow-up.Detailed clinical examples are presented throughout the text to illustrate how theory is translated into techniques of unparalleled power and effectiveness.
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A Dynamic Systems Theory Perspective on L2 Writing Development
From the perspective of empirical complex dynamic systems, this book investigates the complex and nonlinear process of L2 writing centering on three linguistic aspects of L2 writing development: vocabulary, syntax, and discourse. Combining dynamic systems theory, variation analysis, as well as data and cases studies from Chinese EFL learners’ writing, the book critically engages with the heated discussion on dynamic patterns of L2 writing development that focus heavily on the linguistic dimensions of complexity, accuracy and fluency.The author expands the scope of the research by integrating both linguistic and functional dimensions of L2 output and examines the interaction and co-development of these dimensions.This framework helps delineate a full picture of individual learners’ L2 writing dynamic patterns across all components of their communicative repertoire.The research findings suggest the developmental path of writing system for each EFL learner may differ, which is influenced by their different learning characteristics and learning environments in China. The title will appeal to scholars interested in applied linguistics and second language acquisition.Suggestions on pedagogy and language learning advanced in the book will also make it a useful read for L2 language learners and TESOL and TEFL teachers.
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Why do Germans prefer creamy and mild over spicy and flavorful?
Germans tend to prefer creamy and mild flavors over spicy and flavorful ones due to their traditional culinary preferences. German cuisine often features dishes that are hearty and comforting, with a focus on simple and wholesome ingredients. Creamy and mild flavors are seen as more comforting and familiar, appealing to a wider range of palates. Additionally, the German palate tends to prioritize balance and subtlety in flavors, rather than bold and intense tastes.
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Why do Germans prefer creamy and mild instead of spicy and flavorful?
Germans tend to prefer creamy and mild flavors over spicy and flavorful ones due to their traditional culinary preferences. Creamy and mild dishes are often associated with comfort and familiarity in German cuisine. Additionally, the German palate tends to favor subtle and balanced flavors rather than bold and intense ones. This preference for creamy and mild dishes may also be influenced by the availability of ingredients and the influence of neighboring European cuisines.
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What are identity theory and competition theory?
Identity theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals develop and maintain a sense of self and identity through their interactions with others and their social environment. It emphasizes the importance of social roles, relationships, and cultural influences in shaping one's identity. Competition theory, on the other hand, is a perspective that examines how competition for resources, power, and status shapes social relationships and structures. It emphasizes the role of competition in driving social change, inequality, and conflict within societies. Both theories offer valuable insights into the ways in which individuals and societies are shaped by their social interactions and the broader social context.
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Is the Big Bang Theory just a theory?
The Big Bang Theory is more than just a theory; it is a well-supported scientific model that explains the origin and evolution of the universe. It is supported by a wide range of observational evidence, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and the redshift of galaxies. The theory has also made successful predictions about the abundance of light elements in the universe. While it is called a "theory," in scientific terms, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence. Therefore, the Big Bang Theory is a robust and widely accepted scientific explanation for the origin of the universe.
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Dynamic Markov Bridges and Market Microstructure : Theory and Applications
This book undertakes a detailed construction of Dynamic Markov Bridges using a combination of theory and real-world applications to drive home important concepts and methodologies.In Part I, theory is developed using tools from stochastic filtering, partial differential equations, Markov processes, and their interplay.Part II is devoted to the applications of the theory developed in Part I to asymmetric information models among financial agents, which include a strategic risk-neutral insider who possesses a private signal concerning the future value of the traded asset, non-strategic noise traders, and competitive risk-neutral market makers.A thorough analysis of optimality conditions for risk-neutral insiders is provided and the implications on equilibrium of non-Gaussian extensions are discussed. A Markov bridge, first considered by Paul Lévy in the context of Brownian motion, is a mathematical system that undergoeschanges in value from one state to another when the initial and final states are fixed.Markov bridges have many applications as stochastic models of real-world processes, especially within the areas of Economics and Finance.The construction of a Dynamic Markov Bridge, a useful extension of Markov bridge theory, addresses several important questions concerning how financial markets function, among them: how the presence of an insider trader impacts market efficiency; how insider trading on financial markets can be detected; how information assimilates in market prices; and the optimal pricing policy of a particular market maker. Principles in this book will appeal to probabilists, statisticians, economists, researchers, and graduate students interested in Markov bridges and market microstructure theory.
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Code : From Information Theory to French Theory
In Code Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray.His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris.This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics.With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization.
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A Dynamic Approach to Hans Kelsen's General Theory of Norms
This timely and compelling book delves into the dynamic interpretation of Hans Kelsen’s General Theory of Norms through the lens of 21st-century jurisprudential debates.Engaging with key contemporary philosophical concepts such as fictionalism in the philosophy of science, explanation and understanding, and supervenience, this book sheds new light on Kelsen’s original ideas. By offering a contemporary interpretation of his later work, it re-examines classic concepts known from the ‘Pure Theory of Law’ like the basic norm, the separation of ‘is’ and ‘ought,’ validity and efficacy, imputation, and the concept of the legal norm.Integrating modern philosophy with Kelsen’s lasting ideas, this book presents a novel theoretical landscape, inviting readers to explore fresh perspectives on Kelsen’s contributions to legal theory and emphasising its enduring relevance.
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An Introduction to Optimal Control Theory : The Dynamic Programming Approach
This book introduces optimal control problems for large families of deterministic and stochastic systems with discrete or continuous time parameter.These families include most of the systems studied in many disciplines, including Economics, Engineering, Operations Research, and Management Science, among many others. The main objective is to give a concise, systematic, and reasonably self contained presentation of some key topics in optimal control theory.To this end, most of the analyses are based on the dynamic programming (DP) technique.This technique is applicable to almost all control problems that appear in theory and applications.They include, for instance, finite and infinite horizon control problems in which the underlying dynamic system follows either a deterministic or stochastic difference or differential equation.In the infinite horizon case, it also uses DP to study undiscounted problems, such as the ergodic or long-run average cost. After a general introduction to control problems, the book covers the topic dividing into four parts with different dynamical systems: control of discrete-time deterministic systems, discrete-time stochastic systems, ordinary differential equations, and finally a general continuous-time MCP with applications for stochastic differential equations. The first and second part should be accessible to undergraduate students with some knowledge of elementary calculus, linear algebra, and some concepts from probability theory (random variables, expectations, and so forth).Whereas the third and fourth part would be appropriate for advanced undergraduates or graduate students who have a working knowledge of mathematical analysis (derivatives, integrals, ...) and stochastic processes.
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Why is the Two-Source Theory a theory?
The Two-Source Theory is considered a theory because it proposes a specific explanation for the literary relationship between the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. This theory suggests that Matthew and Luke used Mark's Gospel as a source, as well as another common source known as "Q" (from the German word "Quelle," meaning source). While the Two-Source Theory is widely accepted among biblical scholars, it is still a theory because it is based on scholarly analysis and interpretation of the textual similarities and differences between the Gospels, rather than definitive historical evidence.
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Is the theory of evolution still a theory?
Yes, the theory of evolution is still considered a scientific theory. In scientific terms, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence. The theory of evolution is supported by a vast amount of evidence from various scientific disciplines, including genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. It has undergone rigorous testing and scrutiny, and continues to be a foundational concept in the field of biology. Therefore, it is still considered a valid and widely accepted scientific theory.
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Which theory is applied in relation to South Korea: dependency theory or modernization theory?
In relation to South Korea, the modernization theory is more commonly applied. This theory suggests that countries develop and progress through stages of economic growth, technological advancement, and social change. South Korea is often cited as a successful example of modernization theory, as it rapidly transformed from a poor, agrarian society to a highly industrialized and technologically advanced nation in a relatively short period of time. Dependency theory, on the other hand, focuses on the idea that developing countries are exploited and kept in a state of underdevelopment by more powerful, industrialized nations.
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What are the extremism theory and the horseshoe theory?
Extremism theory posits that extremist ideologies on opposite ends of the political spectrum share similar characteristics, such as intolerance, authoritarianism, and a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. Horseshoe theory suggests that the far-left and far-right ideologies are more similar to each other than to the moderate center, forming a horseshoe shape where the extremes bend towards each other. Both theories highlight the potential for radical ideologies to converge in their methods and goals despite appearing to be ideologically opposed.
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